Global Dog Care Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2022-2028

1.1 Market Introduction

1.2 Years Considered

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Market Research Methodology

1.5 Research Process and Data Source

1.6 Economic Indicators

1.7 Currency Considered

2 Executive Summary

2.1 World Market Overview

2.1.1 Global Dog Care Market Size 2017-2028

2.1.2 Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Region 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028

2.2 Dog Care Segment by Type

2.2.1 Dog food, treats & chews

2.2.2 Toys & Training

2.2.3 Apparel & accessories

2.2.4 Grooming & healthcare

2.2.5 Cleaning solutions

2.2.6 Shelter & accessories

2.3 Dog Care Market Size by Type

2.3.1 Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.3.2 Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.4 Dog Care Segment by Application

2.4.1 Home Use

2.4.2 Pet Shop

2.4.3 Pet Hospital

2.4.4 Other

2.5 Dog Care Market Size by Application

2.5.1 Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.5.2 Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

3 Dog Care Market Size by Player

3.1 Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Players

3.1.1 Global Dog Care Revenue by Players (2020-2022)

3.1.2 Global Dog Care Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2022)

3.2 Global Dog Care Key Players Head office and Products Offered

3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants

3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 Dog Care by Regions

4.1 Dog Care Market Size by Regions (2017-2022)

4.2 Americas Dog Care Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.3 APAC Dog Care Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.4 Europe Dog Care Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.5 Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

5 Americas

5.1 Americas Dog Care Market Size by Country (2017-2022)

5.2 Americas Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

5.3 Americas Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

5.4 United States

5.5 Canada

5.6 Mexico

5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Dog Care Market Size by Region (2017-2022)

6.2 APAC Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

6.3 APAC Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

6.4 China

6.5 Japan

6.6 Korea

6.7 Southeast Asia

6.8 India

6.9 Australia

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Dog Care by Country (2017-2022)

7.2 Europe Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

7.3 Europe Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

7.4 Germany

7.5 France

7.6 UK

7.7 Italy

7.8 Russia

8 Middle East & Africa

8.1 Middle East & Africa Dog Care by Region (2017-2022)

8.2 Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

8.3 Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

8.4 Egypt

8.5 South Africa

8.6 Israel

8.7 Turkey

8.8 GCC Countries

9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

9.3 Industry Trends

10 Global Dog Care Market Forecast

10.1 Global Dog Care Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.1 Global Dog Care Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.2 Americas Dog Care Forecast

10.1.3 APAC Dog Care Forecast

10.1.4 Europe Dog Care Forecast

10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Dog Care Forecast

10.2 Americas Dog Care Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.2.1 United States Dog Care Market Forecast

10.2.2 Canada Dog Care Market Forecast

10.2.3 Mexico Dog Care Market Forecast

10.2.4 Brazil Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3 APAC Dog Care Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.3.1 China Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3.2 Japan Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3.3 Korea Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3.4 Southeast Asia Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3.5 India Dog Care Market Forecast

10.3.6 Australia Dog Care Market Forecast

10.4 Europe Dog Care Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.4.1 Germany Dog Care Market Forecast

10.4.2 France Dog Care Market Forecast

10.4.3 UK Dog Care Market Forecast

10.4.4 Italy Dog Care Market Forecast

10.4.5 Russia Dog Care Market Forecast

10.5 Middle East & Africa Dog Care Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.5.1 Egypt Dog Care Market Forecast

10.5.2 South Africa Dog Care Market Forecast

10.5.3 Israel Dog Care Market Forecast

10.5.4 Turkey Dog Care Market Forecast

10.5.5 GCC Countries Dog Care Market Forecast

10.6 Global Dog Care Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

10.7 Global Dog Care Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

11 Key Players Analysis

11.1 Ancol Pet Products

11.1.1 Ancol Pet Products Company Information

11.1.2 Ancol Pet Products Dog Care Product Offered

11.1.3 Ancol Pet Products Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.1.4 Ancol Pet Products Main Business Overview

11.1.5 Ancol Pet Products Latest Developments

11.2 Beaphar

11.2.1 Beaphar Company Information

11.2.2 Beaphar Dog Care Product Offered

11.2.3 Beaphar Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.2.4 Beaphar Main Business Overview

11.2.5 Beaphar Latest Developments

11.3 JM Smucker

11.3.1 JM Smucker Company Information

11.3.2 JM Smucker Dog Care Product Offered

11.3.3 JM Smucker Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.3.4 JM Smucker Main Business Overview

11.3.5 JM Smucker Latest Developments

11.4 Mars Petcare

11.4.1 Mars Petcare Company Information

11.4.2 Mars Petcare Dog Care Product Offered

11.4.3 Mars Petcare Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.4.4 Mars Petcare Main Business Overview

11.4.5 Mars Petcare Latest Developments

11.5 Nestle Purina

11.5.1 Nestle Purina Company Information

11.5.2 Nestle Purina Dog Care Product Offered

11.5.3 Nestle Purina Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.5.4 Nestle Purina Main Business Overview

11.5.5 Nestle Purina Latest Developments

11.6 Aller Petfood

11.6.1 Aller Petfood Company Information

11.6.2 Aller Petfood Dog Care Product Offered

11.6.3 Aller Petfood Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.6.4 Aller Petfood Main Business Overview

11.6.5 Aller Petfood Latest Developments

11.7 Blue Buffalo

11.7.1 Blue Buffalo Company Information

11.7.2 Blue Buffalo Dog Care Product Offered

11.7.3 Blue Buffalo Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.7.4 Blue Buffalo Main Business Overview

11.7.5 Blue Buffalo Latest Developments

11.8 Bob Martin Petcare

11.8.1 Bob Martin Petcare Company Information

11.8.2 Bob Martin Petcare Dog Care Product Offered

11.8.3 Bob Martin Petcare Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.8.4 Bob Martin Petcare Main Business Overview

11.8.5 Bob Martin Petcare Latest Developments

11.9 BOSHEL

11.9.1 BOSHEL Company Information

11.9.2 BOSHEL Dog Care Product Offered

11.9.3 BOSHEL Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.9.4 BOSHEL Main Business Overview

11.9.5 BOSHEL Latest Developments

11.10 Diamond Pet Foods

11.10.1 Diamond Pet Foods Company Information

11.10.2 Diamond Pet Foods Dog Care Product Offered

11.10.3 Diamond Pet Foods Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.10.4 Diamond Pet Foods Main Business Overview

11.10.5 Diamond Pet Foods Latest Developments

11.11 Just for Pets

11.11.1 Just for Pets Company Information

11.11.2 Just for Pets Dog Care Product Offered

11.11.3 Just for Pets Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.11.4 Just for Pets Main Business Overview

11.11.5 Just for Pets Latest Developments

11.12 Oster Professional Animal Grooming

11.12.1 Oster Professional Animal Grooming Company Information

11.12.2 Oster Professional Animal Grooming Dog Care Product Offered

11.12.3 Oster Professional Animal Grooming Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.12.4 Oster Professional Animal Grooming Main Business Overview

11.12.5 Oster Professional Animal Grooming Latest Developments

11.13 Platinum Pets

11.13.1 Platinum Pets Company Information

11.13.2 Platinum Pets Dog Care Product Offered

11.13.3 Platinum Pets Dog Care Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.13.4 Platinum Pets Main Business Overview

11.13.5 Platinum Pets Latest Developments

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

Table 1. Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 2. Major Players of Dog food, treats & chews

Table 3. Major Players of Toys & Training

Table 4. Major Players of Apparel & accessories

Table 5. Major Players of Grooming & healthcare

Table 6. Major Players of Cleaning solutions

Table 7. Major Players of Shelter & accessories

Table 8. Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 9. Global Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 10. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 11. Dog Care Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 12. Global Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 13. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 14. Global Dog Care Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 15. Global Dog Care Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022)

Table 16. Dog Care Key Players Head office and Products Offered

Table 17. Dog Care Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

Table 18. New Products and Potential Entrants

Table 19. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Table 20. Global Dog Care Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions)

Table 21. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Table 22. Americas Dog Care Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 23. Americas Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 24. Americas Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 25. Americas Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 26. Americas Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 27. Americas Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 28. APAC Dog Care Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 29. APAC Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 30. APAC Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 31. APAC Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 32. APAC Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 33. APAC Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 34. Europe Dog Care Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 35. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 36. Europe Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 37. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 38. Europe Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 39. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 40. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 41. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 42. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 43. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 44. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 45. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 46. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Dog Care

Table 47. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Dog Care

Table 48. Key Industry Trends of Dog Care

Table 49. Global Dog Care Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 50. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

Table 51. Global Dog Care Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 52. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 53. Global Dog Care Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 54. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 55. Ancol Pet Products Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 56. Ancol Pet Products Dog Care Product Offered

Table 57. Ancol Pet Products Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 58. Ancol Pet Products Main Business

Table 59. Ancol Pet Products Latest Developments

Table 60. Beaphar Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 61. Beaphar Dog Care Product Offered

Table 62. Beaphar Main Business

Table 63. Beaphar Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 64. Beaphar Latest Developments

Table 65. JM Smucker Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 66. JM Smucker Dog Care Product Offered

Table 67. JM Smucker Main Business

Table 68. JM Smucker Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 69. JM Smucker Latest Developments

Table 70. Mars Petcare Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 71. Mars Petcare Dog Care Product Offered

Table 72. Mars Petcare Main Business

Table 73. Mars Petcare Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 74. Mars Petcare Latest Developments

Table 75. Nestle Purina Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 76. Nestle Purina Dog Care Product Offered

Table 77. Nestle Purina Main Business

Table 78. Nestle Purina Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 79. Nestle Purina Latest Developments

Table 80. Aller Petfood Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 81. Aller Petfood Dog Care Product Offered

Table 82. Aller Petfood Main Business

Table 83. Aller Petfood Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 84. Aller Petfood Latest Developments

Table 85. Blue Buffalo Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 86. Blue Buffalo Dog Care Product Offered

Table 87. Blue Buffalo Main Business

Table 88. Blue Buffalo Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 89. Blue Buffalo Latest Developments

Table 90. Bob Martin Petcare Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 91. Bob Martin Petcare Dog Care Product Offered

Table 92. Bob Martin Petcare Main Business

Table 93. Bob Martin Petcare Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 94. Bob Martin Petcare Latest Developments

Table 95. BOSHEL Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 96. BOSHEL Dog Care Product Offered

Table 97. BOSHEL Main Business

Table 98. BOSHEL Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 99. BOSHEL Latest Developments

Table 100. Diamond Pet Foods Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 101. Diamond Pet Foods Dog Care Product Offered

Table 102. Diamond Pet Foods Main Business

Table 103. Diamond Pet Foods Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 104. Diamond Pet Foods Latest Developments

Table 105. Just for Pets Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 106. Just for Pets Dog Care Product Offered

Table 107. Just for Pets Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 108. Just for Pets Main Business

Table 109. Just for Pets Latest Developments

Table 110. Oster Professional Animal Grooming Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 111. Oster Professional Animal Grooming Dog Care Product Offered

Table 112. Oster Professional Animal Grooming Main Business

Table 113. Oster Professional Animal Grooming Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 114. Oster Professional Animal Grooming Latest Developments

Table 115. Platinum Pets Details, Company Type, Dog Care Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 116. Platinum Pets Dog Care Product Offered

Table 117. Platinum Pets Main Business

Table 118. Platinum Pets Dog Care Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 119. Platinum Pets Latest Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Dog Care Report Years Considered

Figure 2. Research Objectives

Figure 3. Research Methodology

Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source

Figure 5. Global Dog Care Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 6. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 7. Dog Care in Home Use

Figure 8. Global Dog Care Market: Home Use (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 9. Dog Care in Pet Shop

Figure 10. Global Dog Care Market: Pet Shop (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 11. Dog Care in Pet Hospital

Figure 12. Global Dog Care Market: Pet Hospital (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 13. Dog Care in Other

Figure 14. Global Dog Care Market: Other (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 15. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 16. Global Dog Care Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021

Figure 17. Global Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure 18. Americas Dog Care Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 19. APAC Dog Care Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 20. Europe Dog Care Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 21. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 22. Americas Dog Care Value Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 23. Americas Dog Care Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 24. Americas Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 25. United States Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 26. Canada Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 27. Mexico Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 28. Brazil Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 29. APAC Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 30. APAC Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 31. China Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 32. Japan Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 33. Korea Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 34. Southeast Asia Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 35. India Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 36. Australia Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 37. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 38. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 39. Europe Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 40. Germany Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 41. France Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 42. UK Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 43. Italy Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 44. Russia Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 46. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 47. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 48. Egypt Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 49. South Africa Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 50. Israel Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 51. Turkey Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 52. GCC Country Dog Care Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 53. Americas Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 54. APAC Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 55. Europe Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 56. Middle East & Africa Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 57. United States Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 58. Canada Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 59. Mexico Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 60. Brazil Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 61. China Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 62. Japan Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 63. Korea Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 64. Southeast Asia Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 65. India Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 66. Australia Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 67. Germany Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 68. France Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 69. UK Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 70. Italy Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 71. Russia Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 72. Spain Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 73. Egypt Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 74. South Africa Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 75. Israel Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 76. Turkey Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 77. GCC Countries Dog Care Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)