Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Growth (Status and Outlook) 2022-2028

1.1 Market Introduction

1.2 Years Considered

1.3 Research Objectives

1.4 Market Research Methodology

1.5 Research Process and Data Source

1.6 Economic Indicators

1.7 Currency Considered

2 Executive Summary

2.1 World Market Overview

2.1.1 Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2017-2028

2.1.2 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Region 2017 VS 2022 VS 2028

2.2 Metrology Calibration Software Segment by Type

2.2.1 Coordinate Measuring Software

2.2.2 Optical Digitizer Software

2.3 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type

2.3.1 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.3.2 Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

2.4 Metrology Calibration Software Segment by Application

2.4.1 Manufacturing

2.4.2 Automotive

2.4.3 Aerospce

2.4.4 Consumer Product

2.4.5 Others

2.5 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application

2.5.1 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028)

2.5.2 Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

3 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Player

3.1 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Players

3.1.1 Global Metrology Calibration Software Revenue by Players (2020-2022)

3.1.2 Global Metrology Calibration Software Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2022)

3.2 Global Metrology Calibration Software Key Players Head office and Products Offered

3.3 Market Concentration Rate Analysis

3.3.1 Competition Landscape Analysis

3.3.2 Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

3.4 New Products and Potential Entrants

3.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

4 Metrology Calibration Software by Regions

4.1 Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Regions (2017-2022)

4.2 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.3 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.4 Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

4.5 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth (2017-2022)

5 Americas

5.1 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Country (2017-2022)

5.2 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

5.3 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

5.4 United States

5.5 Canada

5.6 Mexico

5.7 Brazil

6 APAC

6.1 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Region (2017-2022)

6.2 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

6.3 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

6.4 China

6.5 Japan

6.6 Korea

6.7 Southeast Asia

6.8 India

6.9 Australia

7 Europe

7.1 Europe Metrology Calibration Software by Country (2017-2022)

7.2 Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

7.3 Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

7.4 Germany

7.5 France

7.6 UK

7.7 Italy

7.8 Russia

8 Middle East & Africa

8.1 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software by Region (2017-2022)

8.2 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022)

8.3 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022)

8.4 Egypt

8.5 South Africa

8.6 Israel

8.7 Turkey

8.8 GCC Countries

9 Market Drivers, Challenges and Trends

9.1 Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities

9.2 Market Challenges & Risks

9.3 Industry Trends

10 Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.1 Global Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.1 Global Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

10.1.2 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Forecast

10.1.3 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Forecast

10.1.4 Europe Metrology Calibration Software Forecast

10.1.5 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Forecast

10.2 Americas Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.2.1 United States Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.2.2 Canada Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.2.3 Mexico Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.2.4 Brazil Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3 APAC Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.3.1 China Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3.2 Japan Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3.3 Korea Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3.4 Southeast Asia Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3.5 India Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.3.6 Australia Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.4 Europe Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Country (2023-2028)

10.4.1 Germany Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.4.2 France Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.4.3 UK Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.4.4 Italy Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.4.5 Russia Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.5 Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Region (2023-2028)

10.5.1 Egypt Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.5.2 South Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.5.3 Israel Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.5.4 Turkey Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.5.5 GCC Countries Metrology Calibration Software Market Forecast

10.6 Global Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

10.7 Global Metrology Calibration Software Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

11 Key Players Analysis

11.1 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP

11.1.1 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Company Information

11.1.2 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.1.3 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.1.4 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Main Business Overview

11.1.5 Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Latest Developments

11.2 AICON 3D System GbmH

11.2.1 AICON 3D System GbmH Company Information

11.2.2 AICON 3D System GbmH Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.2.3 AICON 3D System GbmH Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.2.4 AICON 3D System GbmH Main Business Overview

11.2.5 AICON 3D System GbmH Latest Developments

11.3 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd

11.3.1 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Company Information

11.3.2 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.3.3 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.3.4 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Main Business Overview

11.3.5 BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Latest Developments

11.4 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology

11.4.1 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Company Information

11.4.2 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.4.3 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.4.4 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Main Business Overview

11.4.5 Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Latest Developments

11.5 Delcam Plc

11.5.1 Delcam Plc Company Information

11.5.2 Delcam Plc Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.5.3 Delcam Plc Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.5.4 Delcam Plc Main Business Overview

11.5.5 Delcam Plc Latest Developments

11.6 GE Measurement & Control Solutions

11.6.1 GE Measurement & Control Solutions Company Information

11.6.2 GE Measurement & Control Solutions Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.6.3 GE Measurement & Control Solutions Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.6.4 GE Measurement & Control Solutions Main Business Overview

11.6.5 GE Measurement & Control Solutions Latest Developments

11.7 Hexagon AB

11.7.1 Hexagon AB Company Information

11.7.2 Hexagon AB Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.7.3 Hexagon AB Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.7.4 Hexagon AB Main Business Overview

11.7.5 Hexagon AB Latest Developments

11.8 Metrologic Group SA

11.8.1 Metrologic Group SA Company Information

11.8.2 Metrologic Group SA Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

11.8.3 Metrologic Group SA Metrology Calibration Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

11.8.4 Metrologic Group SA Main Business Overview

11.8.5 Metrologic Group SA Latest Developments

12 Research Findings and Conclusion

Table 1. Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Region (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 2. Major Players of Coordinate Measuring Software

Table 3. Major Players of Optical Digitizer Software

Table 4. Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Type (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 5. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 6. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 7. Metrology Calibration Software Market Size CAGR by Application (2017 VS 2022 VS 2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 8. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 9. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 10. Global Metrology Calibration Software Revenue by Players (2020-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 11. Global Metrology Calibration Software Revenue Market Share by Player (2020-2022)

Table 12. Metrology Calibration Software Key Players Head office and Products Offered

Table 13. Metrology Calibration Software Concentration Ratio (CR3, CR5 and CR10) & (2020-2022)

Table 14. New Products and Potential Entrants

Table 15. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

Table 16. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Regions 2017-2022 & ($ Millions)

Table 17. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Table 18. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 19. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 20. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 21. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 22. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 23. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 24. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 25. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 26. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 27. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 28. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 29. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 30. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 31. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Country (2017-2022)

Table 32. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 33. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 34. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 35. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 36. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 37. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Region (2017-2022)

Table 38. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 39. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2022)

Table 40. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Table 41. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2022)

Table 42. Key Market Drivers & Growth Opportunities of Metrology Calibration Software

Table 43. Key Market Challenges & Risks of Metrology Calibration Software

Table 44. Key Industry Trends of Metrology Calibration Software

Table 45. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Forecast by Regions (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 46. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share Forecast by Regions (2023-2028)

Table 47. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Forecast by Type (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 48. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)

Table 49. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & ($ Millions)

Table 50. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)

Table 51. Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 52. Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 53. Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 54. Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Main Business

Table 55. Aberlink Innovative Metrology LLP Latest Developments

Table 56. AICON 3D System GbmH Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 57. AICON 3D System GbmH Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 58. AICON 3D System GbmH Main Business

Table 59. AICON 3D System GbmH Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 60. AICON 3D System GbmH Latest Developments

Table 61. BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 62. BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 63. BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Main Business

Table 64. BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 65. BuildIT Software & Solutions Ltd Latest Developments

Table 66. Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 67. Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 68. Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Main Business

Table 69. Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 70. Car Zeiss Industrial Metrology Latest Developments

Table 71. Delcam Plc Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 72. Delcam Plc Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 73. Delcam Plc Main Business

Table 74. Delcam Plc Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 75. Delcam Plc Latest Developments

Table 76. GE Measurement & Control Solutions Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 77. GE Measurement & Control Solutions Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 78. GE Measurement & Control Solutions Main Business

Table 79. GE Measurement & Control Solutions Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 80. GE Measurement & Control Solutions Latest Developments

Table 81. Hexagon AB Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 82. Hexagon AB Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 83. Hexagon AB Main Business

Table 84. Hexagon AB Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 85. Hexagon AB Latest Developments

Table 86. Metrologic Group SA Details, Company Type, Metrology Calibration Software Area Served and Its Competitors

Table 87. Metrologic Group SA Metrology Calibration Software Product Offered

Table 88. Metrologic Group SA Main Business

Table 89. Metrologic Group SA Metrology Calibration Software Revenue ($ million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2020-2022)

Table 90. Metrologic Group SA Latest Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Metrology Calibration Software Report Years Considered

Figure 2. Research Objectives

Figure 3. Research Methodology

Figure 4. Research Process and Data Source

Figure 5. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth Rate 2017-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 6. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 7. Metrology Calibration Software in Manufacturing

Figure 8. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market: Manufacturing (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 9. Metrology Calibration Software in Automotive

Figure 10. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market: Automotive (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 11. Metrology Calibration Software in Aerospce

Figure 12. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market: Aerospce (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 13. Metrology Calibration Software in Consumer Product

Figure 14. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market: Consumer Product (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 15. Metrology Calibration Software in Others

Figure 16. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market: Others (2017-2022) & ($ Millions)

Figure 17. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 18. Global Metrology Calibration Software Revenue Market Share by Player in 2021

Figure 19. Global Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Regions (2017-2022)

Figure 20. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 21. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 22. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 23. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 24. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Value Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 25. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Consumption Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 26. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 27. United States Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 28. Canada Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 29. Mexico Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 30. Brazil Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 31. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 32. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 33. China Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 34. Japan Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 35. Korea Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 36. Southeast Asia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 37. India Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 38. Australia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 39. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Country in 2021

Figure 40. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 41. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 42. Germany Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 43. France Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 44. UK Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 45. Italy Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 46. Russia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 47. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Region in 2021

Figure 48. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Type in 2021

Figure 49. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Market Share by Application in 2021

Figure 50. Egypt Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 51. South Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 52. Israel Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 53. Turkey Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 54. GCC Country Metrology Calibration Software Market Size Growth 2017-2022 ($ Millions)

Figure 55. Americas Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 56. APAC Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 57. Europe Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 58. Middle East & Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 59. United States Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 60. Canada Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 61. Mexico Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 62. Brazil Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 63. China Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 64. Japan Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 65. Korea Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 66. Southeast Asia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 67. India Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 68. Australia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 69. Germany Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 70. France Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 71. UK Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 72. Italy Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 73. Russia Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 74. Spain Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 75. Egypt Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 76. South Africa Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 77. Israel Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 78. Turkey Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)

Figure 79. GCC Countries Metrology Calibration Software Market Size 2023-2028 ($ Millions)